Lucid Dreaming Dreams And Dreams - 1533 Words

Lucid Dreaming For many centuries, people would think of dreaming as curses or blessings that we can not fend off or operate. Lucid dreaming, a dream in which a dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming; they may be able to control the dream by exert amount. In this dream stage, we perform superhuman features that would be impossible when we’re awake. While a person dreams, these wonderful things become a temporality reality. Researchers says that a average person dreams four to six times a night(insert). Many people dream every night without even realizing that their dreams can be controlled. Others might not give too much care about the dreams that they might experienced. Lucid dreaming can turn scary dreams into happy dreams, or happy dreams into more relaxed ones. This method of dreaming can provide the dreamer endless ways to control their subconscious which can provide enjoyable experiences. Humans, like any other animals, sleep. No one fully understands why we have to sleep. But if we are deprived of sleep for too long, we die. It is as true as dreams and dreaming. The longer a person sleeps they will reach an advanced stage in sleep where the body begins to experience rapid eye movement(REM). Humans experience most of their dreams during the REM period. While a person is awake or asleep, the mind consciousness functions as a model of the world that was constructed by our brain. While awake, the mind takes in informations throughout the day that it can remember.Show MoreRelated Lucid Dreams. What are the possible benefits of lucid dreaming?2862 Words   |  12 Pagesancient times human was always interested in strange phenomenon of sleeping and especially in dreams. Dreams were described in different ways. For instance, dreams were explained psychologically like images of sub consciousness and feedback of neural processes in human’s brain. Spiritually, it was described like messages of god (C.S. Lewis, nd). Remarkable that not only human have ability to see dreams but several species of animals (Wilkerson R. 2003). For example, rat’s sleep is almost same asRead MoreOutline of Lucid Dreaming1196 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Lucid Dreaming Specific Purpose: I will inform my audience about what lucid dreaming is and how to accomplish it. Central Idea: What lucid dreaming is, reasons to lucid dream, and ways you can accomplish lucid dreaming. INTRODUCTION I. (Attention Grabber) How many of you have had a dream where you are flying? Even blind people have dreams like that. It is a known fact that 1/3 of are lives are spent sleeping. When we sleep, we don t really do anything. What if there is a way to makeRead MoreFantasies from Lucid Dreaming1512 Words   |  6 PagesLucid Dreaming When fantasies of the wider vistas of life is spoken about, ‘dreams’ are what pops into the minds of mostly everyone as every human being is free in their dreams. Deep within each and every one lie infinite possibilities, and abilities to experience anything imaginable with the state of consciousness while sleeping that each human holds that are yet to be discovered. The realisation of knowing that you are dreaming also creates another world to escape to. The simple thought of beingRead MoreEssay about Lucid Dreaming1553 Words   |  7 Pagessleeping per night and according to the dream encyclopedia (2009) we spend approximately one-third of our lives in a state of sleep, much of the night filled with dreams (p.16). Judith Duerk, who is a well-renowned writer, refers to a dream as an alternate course which can change a persons entire life. The Dream Encyclopedia points out that the meaning of a dream would be, a spiritual world distant from the physical, in no way deme aning their definition, but a dream is a way to motivate a person spirituallyRead MoreThe Lucid Dreaming And How Can It Be A Method Of Psychotherapy For Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pages Those who experience lucid dreaming in the stage of REM sleep are aware of their dreams and able to control their dreams. Lucid dreaming could be a possible treatment for those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who suffer from nightmares. During lucid dreaming in a nightmare, the PTSD patients would be able to let go of their fear by recognizing the threats they have in their dreams are not real. PTSD patients can also transform their dreams into something more pleasant or tryRead MoreEach day, someone in the world dreams anywhere from a few seconds up to thirty minutes. He or she600 Words   |  3 PagesEach day, someone in the world dreams anywhere from a few seconds up to thirty minutes. He or she will experience a good dream and a bad dream in his or her lifetime. Why do people dream? Scientists still do not know why people dream, but some studies say dreams are beneficial for us and help us in different ways. Certain types of dreams occur with different stages of sleep , such as lucid dreaming, nightmares, daydreams, false awakenings, etc. Dreams also help us express our feelings and relieveRead MoreDreams : A Lucid Dream1097 Words   |  5 Pageswhat dreams represent and how they effect a person should be something everyone should understand. Dreams can be a small glimpse or feel so real that it is unbelievable. The issue people have the most is remembering. They can not remember if they spoke with another individual in actually life or if it was all apart of their dream they had. There is so much confusion that the person is almost embarrassed to ask if the event actually happened. A dream like this is considered one of many lucid dreamsRead MoreRapid Eye Movement and Lucid Dreaming1000 Words   |  4 PagesLucid dreaming is a term used to describe a specific state of awareness that can be reached by dreamers while they are in the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of their sleep cycle (Holzinger, LaBerge, Levitan, 2006, p. 88). This level of co nsciousness is characterized by the sleeping individual’s recognition of the fact that they are in dream, their capabilities to intentionally engage in certain activities within the dream, and their ability to manipulate information and memories created in bothRead MoreInception: Pure Science Fiction Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagesletting it grow (Inception, 2010). Other concepts in relation to inception are dream sharing and a dream within a dream. Dream sharing is a person manufacturing a dream and bringing a person or persons into that dream (Inception, 2010). As an individual dreams or dream shares, he or she can go deeper into a dream and further into the layers of the subconscious also known as a dreaming within a dream (Inception, 2010). As a dream is explored and one is pursing deeper into the subconscious time and spaceRead More The Purpose of Dreaming While Asleep1164 Words   |  5 Pages Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. In our dreams we can portray ourselves as anything, we can go anywhere and do anything. There are many types of dreaming methods such as, daydreams, recurring dreams, nightmares, epic dreams, prophetic dreams, and lucid dreams and so on. You spend six years of your life dreaming. There are five reasons why we dream: so we can satisfy our wishes, to file away memories, to develop and preserve

The World Association Of Medical Editors - 1412 Words

Plagiarism according to oxford dictionary in 1621 was derived from a latin word â€Å"plagiarius† which means â€Å"kidnapper† or abducting .Plagiarism as defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as â€Å" the act of taking another person’s writing and passing them off as one’s own† without giving credit to the original author (Jawad. F, 2013). The world Association of Medical Editors (WAME) defines plagiarism as â€Å"the use of others published and unpublished ideas or words without attribution or permission and presenting them as new and original rather than derived from an existing source. Proper referencing of borrowed information, or citation, is one of the best ways to avoid unintentional plagiarism (Lorenz JM, 2016). Citation encompasses in-text†¦show more content†¦Plagiarism is something the administration takes note of and can affect a student’s reputation with instructors and with the school. Secondly, plagiarism can destroy professional and academic reputation. Plagiarism when done by a professional person or a public figure can follow them for their whole life. Students can lose can be expelled from the course or program making any kind of meaningful career impossible while a business man can lose their fame or respectable job. Lack of integrity can be viewed as the most dangerous cankerworm that has eaten deep into today’s nurse’s academy but can be avoided by following the proper rules that guides writing with proper citation. Globe university web (2013) Thirdly, according to ithenticate .com legal consequences of plagiarism can be dangerous with Copyright laws being unconditional. Material usage should be with citation and reference. An author has the right to prosecute a plagiarist and certain plagiarism can also be classified as a criminal offense, which can lead to a prison sentence. Writers, such as journalists or authors, are mostly liable to plagiarism and not with the exception of students. Those who write regularly must be watchful not to deviate from the norm (ithenticate.com web).Writers are well-aware of copyright laws and ways to avoid plagiarism. As a professional writer, to plagiarize is a severe ethical and maybe a legalShow MoreRelatedRegistration Of Clinical Trial : Advantages, Disadvantages, And Consumer Perspective1633 Words   |  7 Pagesregistration among Medical journals despite their persistence with noble intentions and wise words. In developing worldwide standards of trial registration, the World Health O rganization (WHO) launched its International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) project. The project intends to take the lead in setting international norms and standards for trial registration and reporting (World Health Organization). Additional the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) made an announcementRead MoreI Am Today And What I Will Be Tomorrow893 Words   |  4 Pagesdisease. Despite the fear of blood and injection I had at that tender age, I started a liking and was inclined towards medical profession which was further amplified with frequent hospital visits during major surgeries of my mother. This drove my passion forward and I achieved the best being the top of my class both in school and college. With strong determination, I enrolled in medical school. Realizing that medicine is incomplete without having strong grasp of basic sciences, I worked hard and scoredRead MoreHealth Care Coverage in the United Staes Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pagessweeping the medical industry in the early 1900’s. The 1910’s saw reformers seeking changes to the way healthcare was handled and seeking some sort of insurance system to offset costs and regulate pricing. This would also allow those in need to receive more costly procedures as they would no longer be solely responsible for the payment of the fees. This idea gained merit but was put by the wayside as the nation went to war during World War I. However, even as a war raged and medical technology progressedRead MoreEssay on Evaluating a Website for Credibility894 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions we have talked about American Nursing Journal. There are several reputable accrediting bodies were identified. (http://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Pages/AbouttheJournal.aspx). After looking into those sources of ANJ, Committee of Medical Journal Editors was identified. (http://www.icmje.org/) After looking into the category of Journals Following ICNJE the American Journal of Public Health website was identified http://ajph.aphapublicat ions.org This website represents an online versionRead MoreEssay on naturopathy history657 Words   |  3 Pagesother developments in conventional medicine† (Fullington). During the 1920s and 1930s many people in the United States were curious about this new form of healing practices that had suddenly evolved in the medical world. Conventions were held attracting people not only from the professional medical field but also several members of Congress. During this period of time several states ratified naturopathic licensure laws. While the 1920s and 1930s were superb for the naturopathy field it was short livedRead MoreNorman Cousins and Albert Schweitzer: An Analysis of Similarities1523 Words   |  6 Pagesturn into collective awareness in different domains such as medicine, world peace, and active citizenship. Norman Cousins is renowned for his work as a journalist, peace advocate, editor, author and professor. He also developed an interest for medicine, but this interest was not nurtured by a traditional point of view, rather it had something of a holistic approach. The term has come to be used today for a specific type of medical initiative that requires a healing process not merely limited to theRead MoreThe Affect of Stress Essays987 Words   |  4 Pagesdepression, insomnia, or anxiety. A lot of times we experience negative stress when we feel our back is against the wall. A poll released by the American Pain Association in 2009 found that 68% of people that experience acute back pain or minor muscle strains and sprains that year were related to the recession this country is experiencing (Editors, Stress in tough economic times add to physical discomfort (TOPICAL ANALGESICS)(Brief Acticle), 2009). Anything from a hard test coming up to a major lossRead MoreThe Negative Aspect Of A n Individual s Mind And Behavior1277 Words   |  6 Pagesis no such thing as an environmental or situational cause of behavior. This is because the behavior has been molded by the consequences of previous behavior. Marilyn’s mother Gladys Baker suffered from schizophrenia, and depression (Biography.com Editors , 2016). This psychological illness is hereditary (Schizophrenia.com, n.d). Depression, and suicidal thoughts are symptoms of this ailment. It is a possibility that Ms. Monroe was suffering from a mild case of schizophrenia. If this was the caseRead MorePsychological Today, An Evaluation Of Psychology Today : An Evaluation801 Words   |  4 Pagesan irrefutable source of relevant knowledge on the subject. The editors of Psychology Today have compiled the information presented on their website, PsychologyToday.com to meet the demand from readers for reliable knowledge about ADHD. Referencing many experts, through prerecorded webinars, related articles, and links to local therapists who specialize in the topic of ADHD. The data given on the site is easier to read than a medical journal, and provides access to helpful snippets of textbooks thatRead MoreSigmund Freud Biography1317 Words   |  6 Pagesanti-Semitic riots then raging in Freiberg, moved to Leipzig. Shortly thereafter, the family settled in Vienna, where Freud remained for most of his life. Although Freud s ambition from childhood had been a career in law, he decided to become a medical student shortly before he entered the University of Vienna in 1873. Inspired by the scientific investigations of the German poet Goethe, Freud was driven by an intense desire to study natural science and to solve some of the challenging problems confronting

Child Soldiers Free Essays

Until recent years, Children have never been used in battles. They have never been forced to participate and be the front-liners in wars.   Although most cultures had trained and prepared children to fight in battles, these children were only given menial tasks when the situation arises such as running ammunition to canon crews. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Soldiers or any similar topic only for you Order Now They were never considered true combatants and legitimate targets by the enemies. â€Å"As the nature of armed conflict has changed in recent years, the practice of using children–defined under international law as those under age 18—as soldiers has become far more common and widespread† (Singer, 2007). Because this condition continued to spread, the United Nations had made this a serious concern for all countries. â€Å"A ‘universal consensus’ appears to be growing against the use of children in hostilities, with more than three-quarters of U.N. member states having now signed, ratified or acceded to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict† (Xanthaki, 2008). The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers had published its third global report about this persistent problem and concluded that although there is a growing awareness of the situation, there has been little improvement in alleviating this predicament. The first used of children in hostilities may be dated as far back as the year 1212. Thousands of unarmed boys from Northern France and Western Germany marched and thought that they can take back the holy land by only the powers of faith (Singer, 2007). From unarmed crusades, the condition of using children in wars grew in severity until children are used as front-liners in battles. They were instructed how to use ammunitions and taught how to become suicide bombers and smugglers of explosives and weapons. The use of children in armed conflicts may directly be the effects of socio-economic disruption caused by globalization and the changes in weapon technology. Although globalization had made the society improve its quality of life, it had also created great social instability. Those who were left behind by globalization found themselves lost in the society. Multiply civil and sectarian conflicts weakened and undermined the societal structures. Orphans and refugee children grew in number. This social group proved to be of greater risk in being pulled into war. Armed groups lure children, especially orphans and refugee children, to join their groups by offering them food, security and shelter. They provide them with identity, empowerment through possession of fire arms and the power to make other people fear them. These offers appear to be appealing to these orphans. â€Å"Very often children are lured into these groups because they romanticize their missions† (Xanthaki, 2008). Armed groups take advantage of children’s innocence, immaturity, vulnerability and desperation. When all else fail, these groups resort to kidnapping and coercion to get children as part of their group. There had been a reported incident in Liberia where a 7- year old child refused to join the rebels but was forced to do so when the rebels killed his younger brother (Singer, 2007). These children are then brought to â€Å"boot camps† where they are trained and indoctrinated. They teach the children how to use ammunitions. Children are forced to kill animals and sometimes human prisoners in order for them to be desensitized to the sight of blood and death. Most of the children are also forced to take drugs to numb their minds and bodies in battles.   The result of this strategy is the children’s breakdown of defenses and memories, making them fighters who do not have empathy and any feelings for the civilian population.    How to cite Child Soldiers, Papers Child Soldiers Free Essays Child soldiers a) The nature of the human rights issue A child soldier is a person under the age of 18 who participates, directly or indirectly, in armed conflicts as part of an armed force or group, in either armed and supporting roles. The use of children in armed conflict is considered to be a form of slavery or human trafficking. Although children join armed groups ‘voluntarily’ it often involves coercion, force or deception, or the child may see no other option for survival but to join. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Soldiers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The UN and human rights watch estimated that the number of children serving in armed conflicts at between 200 000- 300 000. The UN reported 57 armed groups’ worldwide using child soldiers. b) Where the human rights issue occurs. Worldwide conflicts that have involved child soldiers include: * Srilanka * Uganda * Colombia * Myanmar * Iraq * Israel * Palestinian territories * Sudan In Uganda more than 30 000 children have been kidnapped to serve as soldiers and slaves my lord’s resistance army (LRA); the boys are forced to loot and burn villages and to torture and kill neighbours; girls are raped or become sex slaves. c) The legal and non legal responses to child soldiers both include international and domestic responses. Legal responses: International responses include the Geneva conventions, ‘laws of war’. Which is a series of 4 treaties adopted between 1864 and 1949 to regulate the conduct of armed conflict and attempt to limit its affects. these 4 treaties include; the first Geneva convention (1864) which protects wounded and sick soldiers on land during war, the second Geneva convention (1906) which protects wounded, sick and ship wrecked military personnel at sea during war, the third Geneva convention (1929) which applies to prisoners of ar and the fourth Geneva convention (1949) which affords protection to civilians, including occupied territory. Also, additional protocols to the Geneva conventions includes; the problem of child soldiers being recognised and the minimum age for recruitment or use in armed conflict was set at 15 years for government and non-government parties. In addition to these conventions include the convention on the rights of the child (1989), the Rome statute of the international criminal court (2002), the worst forms of child labour convention (1999) and the UN Security Council (2004-2005). An example of these legal responses in action is the Thomas lubanga dyilo case where he was accused of conscripting child soldiers to fight in armed conflict in the DRC during 2002 and 2002. Domestic responses although limited by state sovereignty include the child soldiers accountability act which allowed the US to prosecute individuals domestically who have knowingly recruited or served as child soldiers in or outside the country. Other responses include the amendment of the criminal code act 1995 (cth) where two sections were added to the criminal code to criminalise the use, conscription or enlistment of children as a part of an international or national armed conflict. Non legal responses: International responses include; the United Nations which monitors the use of child soldiers worldwide – the international labour organisation and unicef which play a role in research and studies into the status of the problem, providing recommendations to the UN and to member states and promoting the obligations of the treaties on children in armed conflict – and the coalition to stop the use of child soldiers which compromises many different member organisations wi th a common purpose of preventing the recruitment and use of children as soldiers, securing the demobilisation of child soldiers and their reintegration into society. Domestic responses include domestic NGOs, Groups or individuals and the media. Domestic NGOs focus on issues relating to child soldiers, particularly in countries where recruitment of child soldiers is a significant problem. For example red hand day. Groups and individuals assist in the rehabilitation of former child soldiers, by helping to relocate their families, get back into school, provide vocational training and re enter life. The media informs the public about the existence and problems of child soldiers for example the movie blood diamond focussed on the recruitment and use of child soldiers in diamond related conflict areas. How to cite Child Soldiers, Essay examples Child Soldiers Free Essays string(21) " and acts of sadism\." critical Analysis of the use of Child Soldiers in Liberia 5. 1 Introduction Generally stated ,this paper seeks to establish the role of child soldiers in the escalation of armed conflict in Africa. The previous chapters have discussed the regional armed conflicts where child soldiers were used or are being used like the case of DRC Congo. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Soldiers or any similar topic only for you Order Now This chapter will critically analyse the use of child soldiers in Liberia. There were approximately 120,000 child soldiers who were participating in armed conflicts in Africa. Out of these, approximately 24,000 were in the Liberian conflict. Liberia is not a poor country. It has natural resources that could sustain its estimated population of 3. 2 million people. The question is how the available resources was being utilised and how did it contribute in fuelling the conflict. The availability of precious minerals and hard wood timber in Liberia contributed greatly in escalating and maintain the 14 years Liberian conflict. The age of the child soldier does not guarantee their immunity from being deployed the battlefield because while most are in their teens, some are as young as seven years old. Being so tender in age, they may start out as cooks, messengers, porters or guards, but often end up on the frontlines of combat. In Liberia, many boys some as young as nine or ten man checkpoints. The authority that goes with the responsibility gives them the free rein to harass, loot, terrorize and sometimes, kill civilians. Manning checkpoints gives a child power and influence, even if he is twelve years old. There have been instances where fifteen or twenty boys man a checkpoint and the commander is only ten years old. In long-drawn-out conflicts, children also become a valued resource. Children who have grown up surrounded by violence see this as a permanent way of life. Some having been orphaned, they are left on their own and are often frightened, bored and frustrated, leaving them with little options but to fight. When schools are closed and families fragmented, there are few influences that can compete with a warrior’s life. The human rights violations that occur when children are used in hostilities are not limited to child soldiers killing and being killed or injured. Girls also are used as soldiers, and fall victims of rape and other sexual abuse. The human rights impacts are terrible and far-reaching and have an impact not only on those children directly concerned but also on the families and communities, and continue long after the hostilities have ended . Besides being the continent that has the highest propensity for girls entering forces or groups via abduction or gang pressing, Africa is also the region with the highest number of children in armed opposition forces, numbering to approximately 120,000. In addition to being participant in combat, girl soldiers are often required to perform sexual services. In some cases, girls are in fact primarily recruited or abducted as ‘wives’ or ‘concubines’, a common practice in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Among the common roles found in countries from every region of the world was the use of girl soldiers as porters, cooks or made to perform a variety of domestic labor, as well as spies and looters in villages taken over by armed forces or armed opposition groups. 5. 2Why children become child soldiers The factors which give rise to the participation of children in conflict are complex. No single model can either explain all the factors, or outline a uniform procedure that will prevent child recruitment, and enable procedures for the demobilisation and social reintegration of children who have participated in conflict. Most child soldiers are from poor or disadvantaged sections of the society in conflict. Children, who live in the conflict zones by themselves are often recruited. Also, those children with disrupted families or no families at all are more likely to become child soldiers. In Liberia, child soldiers we often recruited from refugee camps in neighbouring countries like Guinea, Ivory coast and Sierra Leone while others were recruited from Internally Displaced Camps(IDP), within Liberia. In the months following UNMIL’s deployment on 1 October 2003, assessment missions carried out by UNMIL and humanitarian agencies, including into areas of the country until recently inaccessible, revealed large numbers of injured people, mostly children, which was consistent with the widespread use of child soldiers. The proliferation of small arms in West Africa contributed greatly not only to continuing conflict and repeated failure of successive peace agreements in the region, but has also encouraged and facilitated the recruitment and use of child soldiers, as well as other serious human rights abuses against the civilian population. The widespread availability of modern lightweight weapons enables even the youngest child soldier to use weapons efficiently. Technological development of arms today has produces arms weighing less than seven pounds and cost cheaply and yet so advance that even an illiterate child of ten could strip, reassemble, load and fire it. This mere knowledge however, did not make them skilled soldiers. On the contrary, they suffer much higher casualty rates than their adult counterparts, in part because of their lack of maturity and experience that leads them to take unnecessary risks. Their frail bodies are more susceptible to complications if injured, and they are more likely to fall ill in the rough conditions of military camps. Child soldiers are viewed as more expendable and therefore receive less training and must undertake the most dangerous tasks such as checking for mines or spying in enemy camps. Often children are recruited through abduction in massive sweeps of homes, schools, Refugee camp, Internally displaced camps and streets. In some situations, child survivors of village raids and massacres are forcibly inducted. Abduction is only the first step in a process that uses fear, brutality and psychological manipulation to achieve high levels of obedience in converting children into killers. In many conflicts, child recruits are subjected to beatings, humiliation and acts of sadism. You read "Child Soldiers" in category "Essay examples" During the escalation of the conflict, especially in Monrovia in June and July 2003, there was a marked increase in forcible recruitment of children by all sides. A frequently used tactic in indoctrinating children to violence is exposing them progressively to violence, thus numbing them so that they might someday commit acts of sadism on fellow humans. Child recruits in Liberia, were forced to cut the throats of domestic animals and drink its blood. Children are often terrorized into obedience, consistently made to fear for their lives and well-being. They quickly recognize that absolute obedience is the only means to ensure survival. Sometimes they are compelled to participate in the killing of other children or family members, because it is understood by these groups that there is â€Å"no way back home† for children after they have committed such crimes. Evidence indicates that the recruitment and use of children has become the means of choice of many armed groups for waging war. Certainly, not all inductions of children are forced. Those old enough to understand the underlying cause of the conflict want to join adults in a revered cause. Others participate to prove themselves and please adults while yet there may be victims or have family members who were victims, join to seek revenge. There are several cases in Liberia were children decided to join rebel groups to avenge the murder of their kin. Media images may also play a part. In Liberia, opposition forces could broadcast Rambo-style movies as part of its combat training. In such contexts, young boys learn machismo and come to associate military activity with respect and power-compelling attractions for children who otherwise feel powerless. DDRR The implementation of the Liberian peace agreement and consolidation of peace, security and the rule of law were contingent on successful completion of the DDRR program. All other initiatives aimed at post-conflict reconstruction and restoration of basic human rights, including those of child soldier, are predicated on effective DDRR. The importance of completely disarming fighters and destroying weapons is very critical because the ex-combatants can use the weapons to harass civilians, loot properties or attack their opponents . Continued delays in disarmament and demobilization, and provision of the financial incentive to former combatants, can aggravate a precarious security situation. In March 2004 MODEL combatants in Tapeta, Nimba County, threatened harassment of international humanitarian agencies in the area in protest at the delays. Similarly, former government forces fired their weapons at night near Maimu internally displaced people’s camp in Totota, Bong County, and threatened to loot the camp if disarmament and demobilization were further postponed. In early April 2004 LURD combatants, also angered by the delay in disarmament and demobilization, were reported to have harassed civilians and stolen money and property at unofficial checkpoints on the road between Totota and Gbarnga. The previous disarmament and demobilization process which took place in Liberia in the late 1990s was seriously deficient in returning former child soldiers to their families and communities. While up to 20,000 child soldiers were estimated to be involved in the conflict which ended in 1997, little more than 4,000 were reported to have been fully disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated into their communities. As a result, with the resumption of hostilities, rapid re-mobilization of children was possible because many were to some degree still under the control of local commander. The Cape Town Principles, as observed by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), define a child soldier as any person under 18 years who is part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force in any capacity, including but not limited to cooks, porters, messengers and anyone accompanying such groups, other than family members. The definition includes girls recruited for sexual purposes and for forced marriage. It does not, therefore, only refer to a child who is carrying or has carried arms . Application of this broad definition is important: possession of a weapon is not a prerequisite for a child soldier to benefit from the DDRR process. In Liberia, possession of a weapon or ammunition was the criteria for inclusion in the DDRR process. Since not all the child soldiers were armed or involved in the actual fighting, many former child soldiers were not involved in the DDRR process and thus did not benefit from the cash allowances paid to those with weapons to assist them reintegrate into their society. Those who were left out in the DDRR programme simply crossed over to the neighbouring, especially in Ivory coast , joined other rebel group and took up arms. The conflict in West Africa was a vicious circle which saw child soldiers moving from one rebel group to another, for them, it was their lifestyle. The net effect of this was that conflicts in this part of west Africa have continued shifting from one country to the other. Governments international organizations involved in the DDRR process should ensure speedy registration procedures at camps and settlements, as well as at demobilization centres. They should also prioritize the immediate psychological, social and physical rehabilitation of former child soldiers generally and to prevent re-recruitment. The involvement of children in conflict has a devastating effect on their physical and mental integrity. There are higher casualty rates among children because of their inexperience, fearlessness and lack of training. In addition to the inevitable risks of death or serious injury in combat, children suffer disproportionately from the general rigours of military life, especially in the bush, and are particularly vulnerable to disease and malnutrition. The full extent of the impact of the severe psychological consequences of active participation in hostilities, with children witnessing and at times also committing atrocities, may only become apparent over a long period. It takes a matter of moments to abduct and forcibly recruit children; it takes years, owever, for former child soldiers to be fully rehabilitated and reintegrated into their families and communities and able to resume their lives. Child soldiers in Liberia were cynically used as they were perceived as cheap and expendable, and easier to condition into fearless killing and unquestioning obedience. Those resisting refusing to comply with their commanders’ orders risked being beaten or killed. Both the rebel groups and government forces abducted children, both girls and boys and some as young as seven years, and forced them to fight, carry ammunition, prepare food or carry out other tasks. Girls were raped and forced to provide sexual services. While older girls were actively engaged in fighting, younger ones provided domestic services as cooks or cleaners or carried arms and ammunition. Many child soldiers were given drugs and alcohol to induce aggression and inhibit fear. With little or no military training, they were sent directly to the front line where many were killed or wounded. The conflict in Liberia lasted for 14 years due to availability of child soldiers and funds from the illicit trade of Gold and Diamonds run and sustain the conflict. The conflict in Liberia has forced vast numbers of civilians to flee their homes. During 2003 it was estimated that more than 500,000 were internally displaced and another 300,000 living as refugees in neighbouring countries. Child soldiers were recruited from neighbouring countries of Ivory coast, Guinea and Sierra Leone. LURD forces abducted and recruited children from internally displaced people’s camps in Liberia, especially those in Montserrado County as they advanced towards Monrovia during 2003. They were also reported to have abducted children from refugee camps in Guinea. MODEL recruited children from refugee camps in Cote d’Ivoire and further swelled their ranks with children as they advanced towards Buchanan, Grand Bassa County, over which they took control on 26 July 2003. .Rape and other grave sexual violence against children. The rape and sexual violation of children and women is increasingly a characteristic of conflict. Such violence is often perpetrated against boys and girls in a rule of law vacuum that is a consequence of conflict and is exacerbated by the ensuing culture of impunity. In some instances sexual violence has been used as a premeditated tactic of war designed to humiliate or exterminate a population or to force displacement. Reports of high incidence rates of rape and sexual violence against children were received in Liberia. In many cases, the data on incidents, magnitude and scope of sexual violence is unreliable or non-existent due to deep cultural taboos surrounding such crimes, fear of reprisal of victims and their families and a range of other factors. Precise information, critical for combating impunity and for programmatic response, is difficult to obtain or verify. Sexual violence appears to be especially prevalent in and around refugee camps and settlements for internally displaced populations. For children especially, the physical and mental consequences are devastating. Such violations may also take the form of sexual slavery, forced prostitution and marriage or sexual mutilation. The long-term health consequences for the victims include sexually transmitted infection such as HIV/AIDS, fistula, early pregnancy and debilitating psychological trauma. Although cases of sexual violence against boys are sometimes reported, insufficient attention is paid to this particular dimension, and such violations remain largely undocumented. Some research indicates that boys are especially vulnerable to sexual violence during military operations in civilian areas or during military conscription or abduction into paramilitary forces. They are also especially vulnerable in refugee and internally displaced settings and in detention. Sexual violence in times of conflict, in particular against boys and girls, constitutes the breaking of deep social taboos in every culture and as such causes maximum devastation to the social fabric of communities. Therefore, the interventions required in the aftermath of widespread and systematic sexual violence necessitates more comprehensive approaches that begin with the victims but extend to the communities in which they must once again find their place and comfort. The stigmatization of victims of sexual violence, which often leads to their being ostracized or marginalized, requires comprehensive community-level interventions for affected girls and boys. Emphasis must be placed on fighting impunity for rape and other sexual violence through rigorous and systematic investigation and prosecution of such crimes at the national level and an increased focus on this problem by international justice mechanisms. At the national level, comprehensive initiatives to address the issue of sexual violence are required, and national ownership of such programmes is critical. Donors, the United Nations system and non-governmental organizations should accord priority to providing technical and financial support to national authorities for the preparation and implementation of national strategies to address sexual violence. A regional approach to ending the use of child soldiers The conflict in Liberia was not simply an â€Å"internal† armed conflict; it had acquired a regional dimension involving, in particular, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea and Sierra Leone. Arms and fighters crossed back and forth across the borders between the four countries. Peace in Liberia was and still is essential for maintaining peace in West Africa; conversely, any increase in hostilities across Liberia’s borders could undermine efforts to maintain peace in Liberia. In order to restore peace and security to West Africa, there was to be a coordinated approach across the region, with harmonization of UN efforts, including those of UN peace-keeping operations: UNMIL, the UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) and the UN Mission in Cote d’Ivoire (MINUCI). Structured dialogue on cross boarder recruitment and use of children has already paved the way for dialogue on broader child protection issues and enabled child protection actors in the field to pursue other priorities such as provision of education and healthcare to ex-child soldiers. Convention on the Rights of the Child – fulfilling commitments Liberia ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1993. During the subsequent decade, however, Liberian children have been denied their most fundamental rights. On 17 May 2004 the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child begins its thirty-sixth session during which it will consider Liberia’s initial report on the measures taken to implement its obligations under the Convention. The Committee’s consideration of Liberia’s report offers an important opportunity to highlight the plight of Liberia’s children and to consider ways of strengthening implementation of the rights enshrined in the Convention. Review of the report will lead to the adoption of the Committee’s concluding observations which usually identify positive aspects, factors impeding implementation, principal areas of concern and recommendations. The concluding observations provide an opportunity to urge the NTGL to undertake concrete measures to improve the situation of children in Liberia and, at the same time, to encourage the international community to support the NGTL’s efforts to meet its commitments. The report of the UN Secretary-General on children and armed conflict of 10 November 2003 specifically recommends that the Committee use the occasion of country reports and reviews to promote monitoring and accountability. (18) The NTGL’s responsibility to end the use of child soldiers Under the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the National Transitional Government of Liberia (NTGL) was legally obliged not to recruit and use children under the age of 18 years as combatants. An important element of post-conflict reconstruction in Liberia was the formation of a new, professional, well-trained army. The peace agreement stated explicitly that all irregular forces would be disbanded and that the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) would be reformed with a new command structure. Assistance was requested from the international community, including the UN, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the International Contact Group on Liberia. It specifically requests the US to take a lead in restructuring the armed forces. A Military Advisory Commission was established in early 2004, with the new, restructured armed forces deployed by the end of December 2005. This offered an important opportunity for concrete measures by the NTGL to ensure that no child under the age of 18 was recruited by the armed forces. Liberia is a signatory to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child but it is yet to ratify it. Liberia should ratify without delay the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict which raises the age for participation in hostilities to 18 years, and enact legislation making 18 years the minimum age for military recruitment. CONCLUSION As is known, basic survival needs take precedence over psychological during times of war but there is an increasing concern today that the experiences of war will have damaging effects on not only the psychological but also the social skills, attitudes towards the society they live in, their elationship with others as well as their perspective on life itself will be greatly impaired. It is sad that children have to watch their role models that include parents, teachers or elders, torture and kill each other while some trade their children for food and security. This act of breaching the expected moral standards of behaviour by authoritative figures are translated by children as b etrayal, which in turn are manifested in themselves, as they grow up. These manifestations can take many forms. While studies have shown that school absenteeism and juvenile crimes or attitudes favoring gambling, pre-marital sex and smoking could indicate such altered moral learning in children, acts of physical aggression, imitation of military acts and unwillingness to co-operate with peers are also indicators of developmental damage. Even when the war is over, its effects on children linger on long after the stressful event. They may experience numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. This may be indicated by a marked diminished interest in activities and surroundings, feelings of detachment or estrangement from others, loss of energy or withdrawal. Such negative developments in the child would influence the child’s occupational choice and his relationship with others later in life. 38 Poverty appears to be the motivating factor in most of the countries where child soldiers prevail. It is therefore important for relevant sections of the international community to also look at the flaws in the international economy. The economy disparity between the developed and the developing world must be addressed because it is under these dire economic conditions in the developing world that innocent children are recruited as soldiers. Improvement of standards of living is vital to overcome the menace of recruiting children as combatants Maybe there is still hope for those unfortunate children who are victims of adults’ irresponsibility. A mechanism for international accountability was drafted on 17 July 1998 and open for signatures a year later. However, as in other treaties of the United Nations, it can only come How to cite Child Soldiers, Essay examples

Mind over Matter Essay Example For Students

Mind over Matter Essay Out of the myriad of religions that encompass the earth, one of the least understood is Buddhism. In the pursuit of a higher plane of existence, a Buddhist monk will renounce his worldly secular life, instead embracing a life of meditation and study. While attempting to achieve enlightenment, and therefore nirvana, a Buddhist must first come to eradicate his sense of self, effectively destroying his ego. By doing this, durkha, (pain and suffering), end and one can be at peace and harmony with the world and all who reside in it. A practice that helps monks achieve this enlightened state is meditation. By learing the mind of mundane clutter and distractions, a monk can become in tune with his inner being and body, which results in a greater understanding of the barriers that need to collapse before nirvana can be achieved. This practice of meditation was the Buddhist practice that I participated in, with the intent on a greater understanding of what being a Buddhist means. This exercise taught me the inherent difficulty in calming the mind, along with the negative effects outside influences like other people have on the practice. The first place I attempted to meditate was outside my dorm next to a tree. This proved to be a comfortable place, yet full of distractions. I have meditated before in my martial arts classes, yet it was difficult calming my mind. While concentrating on my breathing, I was easily distracted by outside occurrences such as leaves falling and people walking by. The more I attempted to shut out the outside world, the more my mind focused on the little things around me. I gained immediate appreciation of the Buddhist monks ability to shirk the outside world and focus on his inner self. When I had meditated before in my dojo, it was as a group and in silence. This greatly helped the exercise nd I can see why this is the modus operandi at most temples. The second place I attempted to meditate was in the basement of Reid Hall. I hoped that the familiar surroundings would calm the mind easier and allow me to concentrate on clearing my mind. While not an ideal setting, it was better than outside. As I concentrated on my breathing and felt myself unwind, I was able to tune into the sound of the dryers in the distance and this white noise helped me focus on my spirit and not anything happening around me. I imagined myself first as earth, then air, striving to feel these elements inside f me. However, friends from the hall soon entered the basement and inquired about what I was doing. This broke my concentration, snapping my mind back into the present. I was unable to achieve that sense of oneness again, as people came down to play Ping-Pong, making the exercise virtually worthless. I had come closer than the first time, yet had a long way to go. My third attempt at imitating a Buddhist monk while meditating took place in my room, while my roommates were gone. I sat cross-legged (the lotus position was impossible for me) on the floor and once again concentrated on the ir flowing through my body. I found that just like the dryers in the basement, I was able to concentrate better with classical music on very softly. I guess, for me, the incessant noise of society makes white noise better for concentrating than absolute silence. This time, I quickly sunk into a sense of calm, all my thoughts of school fading away. I imagined myself a monk in the Chin Shan temple, striving for enlightenment. Just to add another level to the activity (by this time is was fairly boring) I attempted to decipher the Zen Buddhist koan What is the sound of one hand clapping? This proved utterly mpossible in the half-hour time period I was meditating, yet it gave me a feel for what a Buddhist monk does and helped focus my errant mind, preventing it from wandering. By far, the last time I meditated was the most successful. There were no major advances, everything was a measure of degree. .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d , .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d .postImageUrl , .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d , .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d:hover , .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d:visited , .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d:active { border:0!important; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d:active , .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua01ae3d6250d42946dabfcada70f5c9d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Same sex adoption: Do I qualify? EssayYet sitting for a half-hour cross-legged was no longer extremely uncomfortable, focusing the breathing and mind was easier, and I felt at peace which was nice feeling in a usually hectic college day. After trying to emulate the life of a Buddhist monk, even for a total of an hour and a half, I have infinite more respect for these en and women. I have always respected forms of mental concentration and the ability to raise oneself into a higher plane of consciousness. In my study of the martial arts, the ability to become one with your opponent and therefore know how he will move before he actually moves is paramount. This omniscient sense occurs only after years of training, and while a black belt who has trained for six years I am still far from this state of ability. I can readily see why the pursuit of nirvana can span a lifetime, indeed, multiple lifetimes. The mind is, indeed, the hardest element of the human body to control. With the brains need for activity, a combination of seclusion from society and group meditation is of great importance, especially in the beginning of ones path toward the mastery of the Eight-fold Path. The seclusion is necessary so that outside distractions and desires are eliminated. If the mind has nothing to crave or look forward to, it is easier to pursue the task at hand. Unlike the hustle and noise of Oxford, a temple offers a place to get away from life and find the inner life within oneself. Yet this inner self, which is ultimately to be eradicated, is hard to find. One can know who one is and yet ot be able to define oneself. One of the goals of a Buddhist monk is to be able truthfully define oneself and this knowledge will then set ones soul free. Yet this endeavor is the hardest task a human can undertake. To truly face what one really is takes more courage than most people have. To aid this, the community of the temple comes into play heavily. It is easier to meditate and deny oneself the riches of secular life if you struggle beside others. While Buddhism advocates a personal struggle toward enlightenment, humans are gregarious beings at heart and so normally work better in the presence of brethren. Along with ones fellow monks, the abbot and preceptors help guide and direct the learning of the monks. They offer subtle forms of encouragement, often disguised in hardship, that aid the monks in their struggle toward understanding. This is a boon, allowing enlightenment to occur quicker than in the solitary meditation I experienced. A Buddhist way of life is a lot harder than one may suspect, for while they are released from the worries of everyday life, the mental tasks assigned to them are far greater than worrying about what to cook for dinner tonight or paying ones electricity bill. Furthermore, a Buddhist lifestyle is not very conducive to an American lifestyle. I give a lot of credit to the founders of the Zen Mountain Center in San Francisco, creating a microcosm which can support the solitude necessary for personal growth is a daunting task. From my limited venture into the life of a Buddhist, I learned that controlling ones mind and then harnessing this power to delve out truths and desires from oneself is a feat almost inconceivable by the normal mind. Those who accomplish this task are truly Buddhas, masters of the world and therefore outside the grasp of time, free at last.

Poems Comparison

Since times immemorial, military conflicts have been wiping whole generations off the face of the earth. The topic of war has been one of the most popular to render in works of art and literature. On the one hand, war has been proclaimed the business of ‘real men’ and glorified as the way to prove one’s loyalty to motherland.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poems Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the horrors of war have brought enormous pain and suffering to people both directly and indirectly involved in it. The two poems, â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen (1917–18) and â€Å"Facing It† by Yusef Komunyakaa (2001), reflect on the theme of bitterness and cruelty of war, developing this theme through the various handling of setting, characters, structure and rhyme, and language. Although both concerning the subject of war, the settings of the two poems are quite different. â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† is set in a trench of the First World War and dedicated to description of a gas attack and its ruinous consequences. The environment is described as a most unfriendly terrain that exhausts the soldiers: the sticky â€Å"sludge† clings to the soldiers’ boots and makes walking even more difficult (Owen, 1917–18). The sounds and sights of war are vividly shown in Owen’s (1917–18) poem through â€Å"the hoots / Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines†, â€Å"someone still [†¦] yelling out†, and the repulsive vision of a soldier suffocating from a gas attack. In contrast to this reality of war action, Komunyakaa (2001) sets his poem in a place that has not experienced the Vietnam war directly on its territory and at a time when the war is already over. It is â€Å"the Vietnam Veterans Memorial†, with its â€Å"black granite† walls covered with the endless row of â€Å"58,022 names† commemorating the ones who perished in the war (Komunyakaa, 2001). There is not much sound involved in the poem, and the most expressive element of the setting is light. The narrator attempts to realize his attitude to the Vietnam war, â€Å"depending on the light / to make a difference† (Komunyakaa, 2001). The ‘life’ of the names on the granite wall also depend on the play of light, â€Å"shimmer[ing] on a woman’s blouse† (Komunyakaa, 2001). The sense of immense space is created through referring to a â€Å"red bird† and â€Å"A plane in the sky† — the only objects present at the scene apart from the monument itself and a couple of visitors (Komunyakaa, 2001). The point of view of the two poems differs not only due to the setting but also due to the narrators describing the events. â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† is told by a narrator who is a soldier himself and directly takes part in the m ilitary action: this can be traced in using first person plural â€Å"we† in referring to the events (Owen 1917–18).Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In â€Å"Facing It†, the relation of the narrator to the Vietnam war remains unclear. The only information that links the narrator to the war itself is concluded in the lines â€Å"I go down the 58,022 names, / half-expecting to find / my own in letters like smoke† (Komunyakaa, 2001). This expectation of seeing own name in the list of Vietnam veterans suggests that the narrator was somehow involved in the military action but not necessarily as a soldier. Thus, the contrast between the narration of the poems lies in the fact that â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† reports the immediate events of warfare while â€Å"Facing It† reflects on the aftermath of the war. The various treatment of the structural organization and the rhyme of the poems contributes to the perception of the poems and increase their emotional impact. Owen constructs his poem in three stanzas of a traditional iambic pentameter rhymed in alternate line endings ABAB CDCD. This regularity of a stable rhythms and rhyme renders the measured steps of the war treading across the land and reminds of the inevitability of the war terrors and severity of its consequences. A special effect is reached by making the final line of â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† shorter than the rest. Concluding the poem in this way, Owen emphasizes the tragic irony of war: attracted by the perspective of glory, soldiers meet a miserable end to their life, as abrupt as the final line of the poem. Komunyakaa (2001) approaches the structure and rhyme of his poem in a very free way: there is no division into stanzas and no rhyming either. Such device allows constructing lines of various length and meter, and thus rendering the mood of confusion and hesitation in the treatment of war. Turning from one side of the memorial to the other symbolizes the narrator’s attempts to figure out the truth about the Vietnam war and the meaning behind the endless row of names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (Komunyakaa, 2001). The language of both poems is highly descriptive, appealing both to the senses and the emotions of the readers. Owen (1917–18) fills â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† with graphic imagery that reflects the terrible realities of war. The myth about the brave and fine soldiers is shattered by their description as â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, / Knock-kneed, coughing like hags† (Owen, 1917–18). Not the desire to fight but â€Å"fatigue† is the only feeling that drives the â€Å"lame†, â€Å"blind†, and â€Å"deaf† soldiers to go on (Owen, 1917–18).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poems Comparison spec ifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Not the neat ranks but confused, â€Å"stumbling† and â€Å"fumbling† tired men struggle to put on their â€Å"clumsy helmets† when gas alert comes (Owen, 1917–18). These disturbing images are further intensified by the naturalistic description of a soldier affected by gas, a vision far from the romanticized ideal of war. In â€Å"Facing It†, Komunyakaa (2001) employs sharp contrasts and the play of light to emphasize the emotional instability the narrator experiences facing the war memorial. The most painful opposition is represented in the line â€Å"I’m stone. I’m flesh.†, which suggests that the narrator is taken as a kind of a war monument by the society but in fact he is a living being with his tragedy and pain (Komunyakaa, 2001). The vagueness of his situation is prompted throughout the poem by such words as â€Å"clouded reflection†, â €Å"my own [name] in letters like smoke†, â€Å"then his pale eyes / look through mine. I’m a window.† (Komunyakaa, 2001). It appears that the narrator has lost his individuality in course of the war and now is merely a reflection of the pain and the terror experienced by millions during the military actions. Upon the analysis of the poems, it appears that through the setting, characters, structure and rhyme, and language, both Owen (1917–18) and Komunyakaa (2001) succeed in reflecting the major theme of the tragedy and pain war brings to people. The difference between the two poems is that â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† shows the war reality through reporting the direct events of a military operation and appealing to the senses of the readers. On the other hand, â€Å"Facing It† represents a reflective intellectual poem, contemplating on the fates of the millions affected by war both directly and indirectly. References Komunyakaa, Y. (2001). F acing it. Retrieved from https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47867/facing-it Owen, W. (1917–18). Dulce et decorum est. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Poems Comparison was written and submitted by user Gabe Jones to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

John James Audubon - Biography of Painter and Naturalist

John James Audubon - Biography of Painter and Naturalist John James Audubon created a masterpiece of American art, a collection of paintings titled Birds of America published in a series of four enormous volumes from 1827 to 1838. Besides being a remarkable painter, Audubon was a great naturalist, and his visual art and writing helped inspire the conservation movement. Early Life of James John Audubon Audubon was born as Jean-Jacques Audubon on April 26, 1785 in the French colony of Santo Domingo, the illegitimate son of a French naval officer and a French servant girl. After the death of his mother, and a rebellion in Santo Domingo, which became the nation of Haiti, Audubons father took Jean-Jacques and a sister to live in France. Audubon Settled in America In France, Audubon neglected formal studies to spend time in nature, often observing birds. In 1803, when his father became worried that his son would be conscripted into Napoleons army, Audubon was sent to America. His father had purchased a farm outside Philadelphia, and the 18-year-old Audubon was sent to live on the farm. Adopting the Americanized name John James, Audubon adapted to America and lived as a country gentleman, hunting, fishing, and indulging in his passion for observing birds. He became engaged to the daughter of a British neighbor, and soon after marrying Lucy Bakewell the young couple left the Audubon farm to venture into the American frontier. Audubon Failed in Business in America Audubon tried his luck at various endeavors in Ohio and Kentucky, and discovered that he was not suited for a life of business. He later observed that he spent too much time looking at birds to worry about more practical matters. Audubon devoted considerable time to ventures into the wilderness on which he would shoot birds so he could study and draw them. A sawmill business Audubon ran in Kentucky failed in 1819, partly due to the widespread financial crisis known as the Panic of 1819. Aubudon found himself in serious financial trouble, with a wife and two young sons to support. He was able to find some work in Cincinnati doing crayon portraits, and his wife found work as a teacher. Audubon traveled down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, and was soon followed by his wife and sons. His wife found employment as a teacher and governess, and while Audubon devoted himself to what he saw as his true calling, the painting of birds, his wife managed to support the family. A Publisher Was Found In England After failing to interest any American publishers in his ambitious plan to publish a book of paintings of American birds, Audubon sailed to England in 1826. Landing in Liverpool, he managed to impress influential English editors with his portfolio of paintings. Audubon came to be highly regarded in British society as a natural unschooled genius. With his long hair and rough American clothes, he became something of a celebrity. And for his artistic talent and great knowledge of birds he was named a fellow of the Royal Society, Britains leading scientific academy. Audubon eventually met up with an engraver in London, Robert Havell, who agreed to work with him to publish Birds of America. The resulting book, which became known as the double elephant folio edition for the immense size of its pages, was one of the largest books ever published. Each page measured 39.5 inches tall by 29.5 inches wide, so when the book was opened it was more than four feet wide by three feet tall. To produce the book, Audubons images were etched on copper plates, and the resulting printed sheets were colored by artists to match Audubons original paintings. Birds of America Was a Success During the production of the book Audubon returned to the United States twice to collect more bird specimens and sell subscriptions for the book. Eventually the book was sold to 161 subscribers, who paid $1,000 for what eventually became four volumes. In total, Birds of America contained 435 pages featuring more than 1,000 individual paintings of birds. After the lavish double elephant folio edition was finished, Audubon produced a smaller and much more affordable edition which sold very well and brought Audubon and his family a very good income. Audubon Lived Along the Hudson River With the success of Birds of America, Audubon purchased a 14-acre estate along the Hudson River north of New York City. He also wrote a book titled Ornithological Biography containing detailed notes and descriptions about the birds which appeared in Birds of America. Ornithological Biography was another ambitious project, eventually stretching into five volumes. It contained not only material on birds but accounts of Audubons many travels on the American frontier. He recounted stories about meetings with such characters as an escaped slave and the famed frontiersman Daniel Boone. Audubon Painted Other American Animals In 1843 Audubon set off on his last great expedition, visiting the western territories of the United States so he could paint American mammals. He traveled from St. Louis to the Dakota territory in the company of buffalo hunters, and wrote a book which became known as the Missouri Journal. Returning to the east, Audubons health began to decline, and he died at his estate on the Hudson on January 27, 1851. Audubons widow sold his original paintings for Birds of America to the New York Historical Society for $2,000. His work has remained popular, having been published in countless books and as prints. The paintings and writings of John James Audubon helped inspire the conservation movement, and one of the foremost conservation groups, The Audubon Society, was named in his honor. Editions of Birds of America remain in print to this day, and original copies of the double elephant folio fetch high prices on the art market. Sets of the original edition of Birds of America have sold for as much as $8 million.

Project Management Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Project Management Theory - Essay Example I worked in project to install 100 office cubicles for a call center during a summer. I worked as part of 12 person crew. A person created the layout while the rest of the crew worked on organizing the materials of used cubicles which came in a truck. We had two week deadline and the team worked two eight our shifts. Once we had about 50% of the worked done we took photos and send them to the owner of the company for him to monitor our progress. He was happy with the progress made and we continued and were able to close the project within the established time constraint. LRH products is a marketing company that has a project underway which is mainly a trade show presentation. A member of the marketing team has been assigned the task of becoming project manager for the trade show for the first time. The young project manager must use the PMBOK framework to accomplish the task. Before initiating the project he should interview the members of the team ask them about their experiences with the previous trade shows the company has performed. In the planning phase he has to create the work schedules for the team, the travel arrangements, inventory of materials to be utilized and plan the customer relationship strategy that will be utilized in the trade show by the company representatives. The execution of the plan starts by building the booth and placing all the marketing materials. The training of the employees should be performed by Pat, one of the executives working on the project. The project manager has to closely monitor the performance of his emplo yees. A feedback box is a good tool for clients to express their opinions about the trade booth. This information can be utilized by the project manager to evaluate performance. The project will end after two weeks. At that time the project manager is responsible for cleaning up the trade show area and creating a report for the management team of LHR specifying the operating results of the

International Production and Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

International Production and Trade - Essay Example Dumping has led to development and enactment of various rules and regulations for international trade to foster more cooperation among different countries. Lack of proper and comprehensive and binding international trade regulations, tensions between trading partners are likely as states try to maximize domestic gains from trade, often at the expense of trading partners’ welfare. Chapter six of the notes also deals with selling products from one country to a different country, is likely to affect the domestic business and trade in the importing country. This requires the government to formulate laws and regulations to enable a level playing ground for all players in the business, both local and international trade. International traders are likely to bring in cheaper products and services that are likely to disrupt the demand and supply of the business environment and will greatly affect the sales in of the local businesses, thus leading to losses and loss of jobs in the count ry. There is need to have in place regulatory measures to ensure there is a level playing field and that international trade does not affect the local businesses in the negative way (Fried 34). ... WTO ensures that all the rules and agreements entered in to by various countries are observed to the later and the countries failing to follow the rules will be punished through appropriated sanctions from the body. Chapter six also discusses the various perspectives of international trade. The three main perspectives of international trade include the Liberals, mercantilists and structuralists, who have different views and opinions regarding to how trade should be conducted on the international scene. For liberalists, international trade should be conducted using the ideas of thinkers such as ideas of Smith and Ricardo, who give various conditions within which the trade can flourish on the international arena. In Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage, he provided liberal ideas about how trade can flourish between countries using their strengths and weakness in terms of their production of goods and services. According to both Ricardo and Smith, global trade should not be based on who can produce the most of any give product, since this can be disadvantageous for businesses due to the limitations of scarce resources. This limitation means that no particular country can produce as much as it wants of all goods and services; opportunity cost must therefore be considered. Absolute advantage cannot therefore be relied on as a policy for international trade. On the other hand, comparative advantage is the best policy because it allows countries to produce whatever they can produce efficiently and then getting the other products from other countries or businesses that also have a comparative advantage in the production of such products and services. According to

Environmental law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental law - Essay Example h which encourages the organizations to conserve the environment by promising them tax reduction and incentives as a reward for compliance with the set rules (Hatch, 2006). In direct control, the government sets rules to be followed by any company in connection with environmental conservation, failing which sanctions may befall the company that fails to follow the set rules, e.g., facing prosecution in court. Hatch (2006) argues that alternative methods concentrate on market oriented approaches to pollution where they always encourage companies to regulate their emissions as they continue to produce, rather than on direct control which must be followed, failing which the company is closed and banned from operating. This appears to discourage production. The alternative methods also give different measures to firms depending on their size and production capacity unlike the direct methods which give uniform rules to be followed by all firms, hence disadvantaging the small and young businesses. One alternative approach that can best be applied in the industrial sector is the trading scheme approach. It helps to provide a cost effective solution to enhance achievement of a clean environment as firms are given opportunity to make environment improvement and conservation to their place of choice (Hatch, 2006). The schemes are formed to allow firms to trade in waste with an aim of delivering environmental objectives at a lower cost. They adopt a variety of ways to engage in waste and emissions trade as they deal with the use of resources such as water with the sole aim of addressing waste management, thus reducing environmental pollution. In the end, firms using this approach must have enough wealth to cover their waste and emissions within the given time for them to go on operating (Hatch,

Effects of Dementia | Considering Gender and Age

Effects of Dementia | Considering Gender and Age Dementia has been associated with impaired memory, poor orientation, low thinking capacity, low comprehension, language problems, poor calculation, poor judgment and learning capacity. With such effects there is need to establish the magnitude on the patients so as to paint a clear picture of the pandemic. This proposal seeks to identify the effects of dementia with patients in general and particularly the different genders and age groups. Data from hospitals will be collected to identify the various effects where they will then be recorded in excel worksheets for analysis. The data will be from hospitals in a given region and randomly selected files from each hospital. Age groups and gender representations in the data will also be identified, calculated and presented to ensure there is comprehensive knowledge on the impact of dementia in the region. Introduction Dementia is a word that has been used to describe a set of signs that influence brain function. A number of factors including head trauma, Alzheimers diseases and even stroke can cause this phenomenon. It is usually diagnosed if two or more functions of brain, like language skills, memory or perception, and cognitive skills are affected. In most cases, memory loss is the main common symptom of dementia, however, if that is the only symptom depicted then dementia is not diagnosed. The effects of dementia on patients can affect several aspects of life. It is very vital to be aware of symptoms that may occur when the brain function is influenced. Some of the major common symptoms of dementia are having trouble in completing tasks that previously were familiar, short-term memory loss, problem of identifying what is the time and where one is, changes in mood and personality, forgetting simple terms and phrases, or even losing things, (Schienberg 2010). Review of literature Memory Loss and performing previously activities This is one of the effects of dementia. Long-term and short-term memory can be because of brain damage. A patient dealing with dementia might forget that they have already asked a particular question hence will ask again, or at other times, they might begin to have challenges in completing tasks that they have been doing routinely. The short term memory takes in information and starts the memory process, if it has no ability to move that information, to the long term memory, then such information will be lost and never recovered again. Some types of dementia resulted to problems in this area, for instance an individual might ask similar information he has been given, meaning that it did not pass short-term memory. Brain damage and cell loss, might also lead to challenges with short-term memory. When essential parts of brain that house long-term memories get affected, people start experiencing problems in doing things that they have been doing previously, (Schienberg 2010). The Effects of Dementia on Cognitive Skills It is clear that individuals with dementia have needs for support in undertaking daily activities. This is because the cognitive limitations that occur as a result of being affected by dementia disease set several requirements on the interface design. The need to be supported concerns the facilitation of the short-term memory; the cognitive prosthesis has to recognize physical limitations like reduced Visio-partial functions and reduction in performing activity capabilities. The human traits also become affected because of dementia disease. This usually affects patients who frequently have failures in their day-to-day life due to fading social and cognitive capabilities, (Sidel et al 1999) Dementia and Sexuality Sexual needs and caring expressions are very important during illness course. Progression of symptoms changes the very nature of partners relations. Both care receivers and caretaker might need increased reassurance that comes from being held, loved, touched, and receiving attention from one another. Issues like depression, dementia, or even the impacts of pharmacological regimes change many conditions. Most individuals with dementia rejects all affectionate overtures, while others, inmate contact, affection, sexual pleasures and warmth capacities may remain, and in some cases increase than ever before. When behavior and mind is changed by dementia, normal faculties decline, sexual needs and desires for affection still exists better after normal capacities have declined. Several problems happen at inappropriate times with demented individuals; physical and emotional abuse, decline in personal hygiene, changes in personality, verbal abuse, and even exhaustion of caregivers from care giving demands, (Alzheimers Association 1998) The major problem is that, care receivers ends up displaying inappropriate sexual behaviors even in public places, especially if they are also demonstrating in home setting. In some other cases, dementia individuals loose correct judgment for socially acceptable manners. Dementia makes individuals in some cases, to misperceive the cues of behavior of other individuals. Dementia Has On Language Language skill impairment affects effective communication and can lead to development of disruptive behaviors. Most of this disruption is because of severe dementia symptoms. Dementia individuals use fewer total words, less unique words, fewer subordinate clauses, fewer prepositional phrases, , and more sentence fragments that are incomplete. Greater severity is connected to laconic speech that is syntactically less complex. Research has shown that lexicon deficit is more susceptible to disruption in dementia than the syntax, (Hier et al, 2004). Visual impairment When one has dementia the risk of visual impairment is also possible; this is normally related to the aged. The effects include having problems in focusing on objects where patient will be affected while reading (Iliffe, Manthorpe, 2005). There is also low color and contrast sensitivity where that patient is not able to clearly identify colors. In addition the patient has inaccurate judgment of distance and could result to falling while walking or misjudged placement of objects (Iliffe, Manthorpe, 2005). The patient normally observes blur images which makes him/her unable to conduct normal routine practices hence affects the patients normal life. Problem statement Dementia has continued to affect persons silently where many have continued to be infected and other affected. The ailment has continued to torment the patients with some incurring huge bills whereas it is a chronic ailment. Once it affects the brain patients progressively deteriorate in health, this gives a justified reason for its study. Due to its effects on the patient such as impaired memory, orientation, thinking, comprehension, language, calculation, judgment and learning capacity its effects must be identified and prevented (Winblad, et al., 2001). The causes of the disease such as Alzheimers disease and cerebrovascular disease should be identified and its effects to the patients addressed through the necessary measures. The disease affects the functionality of individuals and if young brains are affected then the population will loose since it will affect their growth and development (Iliffe, Manthorpe, 2005). Once a person has brain dysfunctions, there is a lot of stigma from the society on not only the patient but also family of the patient therefore the issue needs to be addressed. Dementia is also a cause for impairment and death. This leads to pain and anguish for the family and friend of the deceased due to the loss of a loved one. Such effects should be reduced or zero rated so that such incidences never occur. The effects dementia has on the patient are identified by this report through proper data on the leading effects and how they can be addressed (Kitwood, 1997). Graphs, charts, figures, and tables will be used to present the raw data, where proportional representation of the occurrence in each hospital and in the general population will be presented. This will be useful in identifying the cases reported in the sample and deduce inference for the population. Research question The study tries to determine the general effects of dementia and specifically to; Determine the effects that dementia has on memory loss Determine the effects that dementia has on sexuality Determine the effects that dementia has on language Determine the effects that dementia has on cognitive skills Determine the effects that dementia has on visual input Determine the effects that dementia has on thinking reacting and performing activities. Determine the effects of deaths caused by dementia to the family members Methodology The study targets patients with dementia particularly those that are admitted in hospitals but not limited to them. Those who have been discharged and the families of the infected will also provide the necessary data. The data provided in the hospitals will be confidential and will conceal any identity of the persons involved. Data will be obtained from hospitals that will be selected in a region to represent the whole population. Few random samples will be identified from the files from each hospital from the current and former patients with dementia. Hospitals that major on brain ailments will be identified and patient files obtained from management so as to consolidate the data. The main objective will be to identify the causes and effects of dementia on the patients; this will be grouped in to both male and females where the data will be filled in excel worksheets. The data will also seek to identify the effects on the different age groups where the young (16-19), middle aged (20-35) and aged (35 and above) will be identified. The different effects such as memory loss, sexuality, language, cognitive skills, visual input, thinking reacting and performing activities or any other unique effects will be identified and filled up in the worksheet for both male and females (Rockwood, Joffres, 2002). Death cases will also be identified and recorded. The data recorded will then be tallied in the respective effects such that all cases concerning memory loss will be pooled together and counted to establish the numbers. The same will be repeated for all the effects and total of the cases reported calculated. The patients and family members that are out of the hospital setting identified will also be interviewed and their effects recorded in a separate sheet but the total effects grouped into one sheet i.e. data from the hospital and outside the hospital setting. The totals will help identify the number of cases in each effect and the total in the samples which will be used to draw deductions for the population being surveyed. The leading effects of dementia on patients will be identified and the rate of their occurrence identified. Graphs, charts, figures, and tables will be used to present the raw data, where proportional representation of the occurrence in each hospital and in the general population will be presented using charts. Age groups and gender representations in the data will also be identified, calculated and presented to ensure there is comprehensive idea on the number of males and females affected in the region and the most affected age group. Conclusion This research will identify the Effects of Dementia with Patients. This will help one identify the effects of dementia as dementia has the capability of taking different forms and affects every person differently. If one notices any symptoms that concern it, it is very important to seek medical attention immediately. This is because; medical attention or treatment has the capability of helping one to prevent or slow the memory loss process and keep ones brainpower in action.

Memnoch the Devil by Anne Rice Essay -- Anne Rices Memnoch the Devil

Memnoch the Devil by Anne Rice Killing, kidnapping and battles, all parts of Memnoch the Devil by Anne Rice. The main character, Lestat, is a well-known and flamboyant vampire. In Memnoch the Devil, Lestat is faced with a grim reality, causing his world to collapse around him. He learns throughout this book, about the world, and the divine forces that encircle the world’s existence. This book illustrates how Lestat’s morals, ignorance and understanding are greatly affected by outside forces. In the beginning of the book, Lestat, the quick and cunning vampire referred to as â€Å"the Brat Prince† by his followers stalks a wealthy artifact smuggler. Lestat soon becomes obsessed with his mortal victim, Roger, following him and trying to live his life through Roger’s eyes. Lestat quickly develops a love for Roger, due to Roger's take on life, and his robust actions. Lestat comes to the reality that Roger is sick and evil, through his past was full of murders of family members and mercenary like acts. Even all of this added to the fact that Roger was a smuggler of godly artifacts, Lestat’s love for Roger still lived on. Lestat observes his own actions and concludes that he himself is sick and evil as well, due to his obsessive stalking. Lestat sees his morals are in fact worse than those of Roger, when he brutally slays and mutates his carcass. With this Lestat concludes that he was in fact the sick and evil one, more so than Roger was. Lestat is soon encountered by Roger’s a...

My Experience and Understanding of Adventure-Based Counselling Essay

According to Neill (2004), ‘Adventure therapy is the use of adventure-based activities and/or adventure-based theory to provide people with emotional and/or behavioral problems with experiences which lead to positive change in their lives.’ Adventure therapy is also â€Å"programming aimed at changing [specified] dysfunctional behavior patterns, using adventure experiences as forms of habilitation and rehabilitation† (Priest & Grass, 2005). The underlying philosophy of adventure-based counseling (ABC) is experiential education and it stresses on one’s personal improvement through full value contract, adventure wave and challenge by choice (Schoel, Prouty & Radcliffe, 1988). After several lectures, different skills were explained and even applied on ourselves. In this essay, these theories and experience will be discussed. Adventure-based counseling is part of the means of experiential learning. Educational psychologists usually define learning as â€Å"a change in the individual caused by experience† (Slavin, 1986, p.104). Through various experiences, people can learn from them and gain personal growth. Kolb (1984) suggested an experiential learning cycle, pointing out four essential elements of experiential learning, which are experience, review, conclusion and planning. Applying to Adventure-based counseling, experience means some challenging activities for groups or individuals. Review means encouraging individuals to reflect, describe, communicate and learn from the experience. Conclusion means concluding past and present experiences and planning means applying new learning in the future. There are several learning theories explaining how experiences can lead to learning, which means behavioral changes or cognitive developments. Operant conditioning proposed by Skinner states that successes, praise, positive feedbacks or rewards can act as positive reinforcers so that the subjects would be reinforced to act the same way again. Similarly, failures, punishments or negative comments would act as negative reinforcers which deter the subjects to act again (Skinner, 1968). In adventure-based counseling, participants would face some challenges and act. Some actions would lead to positive results, which would further reinforce participants to act in the same way when they face similar situations again. Some actions lead to negative results, which make them aware and change their behaviors next time. This can be applied also to changing of personalities and problem-solving skills. Undesirable personalities will be discouraged by failures or negative feedbacks while desirable personalities will be reinforced. Bandura suggested social learning theory that people can learn through observational learning and modeling (Bandura, 1986). Through observational learning, people would imitate others’ behaviors and learn from others’ successes or failures. In adventure-based counseling, when participants face the challenges individually, they would imitate what other participants do, or take others’ successes and failures in dealing with the challenges as example. So when they face the challenges, participants would improve along the sequence. When encountering group challenges, participants would imitate the socially desirable behaviors of their group mates or remind themselves not to behave socially undesirably after observing their group mates’ failures. This can enhance participants’ social skills. In cognitive aspect, James Coleman (1977) differentiates between the information assimilation process of the regular classroom and the experiential learning process. In traditional classrooms, knowledge is taught to students through direct instruction and they simply memorize the knowledge. Through information assimilation, the learners are expected to move from cognitive and symbol-processing sphere to the sphere of action through applying the general principles learned into novel situations. Experiential learning is in a reversed order, which involves actions sufficiently repeated that the learner is able to generalize from the experience. However, it is more etched into the brain as the learning can be associated with concrete actions and events, not just abstract symbols or general principles (Mllre, & Priest, 1990). There are some important principles of adventure-based counseling, namely â€Å"Full Value Contract† and â€Å"Challenge by Choice† (Schoel, Prouty & Radcliffe, 1988). â€Å"Full Value Contract† means an agreement among group members to value one’s own ideas and needs without ignoring or discounting others. â€Å"Challenge by Choice† means ‘individuals can choose their level of participation in any activity.’ (Neill, 2007) During our lectures, our lecturer Lau Sir has explained different theories by involving us to play games. After playing games, Lau Sir would explain how the games worked, the meaning of different procedures, and what can we learn throughout them. In the first lecture, a game ‘throwing the chicken’ was played. It is an ice-breaking game, aim at knowing the names of group members. Although it is a very easy game, it has lots of micro-skills included. At the beginning, Lau Sir has asked did anyone feel afraid of the chicken, which could show his caring to the participants, in order to build up the relationship between the leader and the participants. After one round of the game, Lau Sir required the participants to repeat the process, but with a faster speed, the participants would then move their chairs towards the center. This is using indirect intervention method, helping them to get closer and involve more into it, without directly telling them to sit closer or involve more. The other micro-skill ‘Challenge by Choice’ was also frequently used during lectures. For example, the ‘throwing the chicken’ game in the first lecture, the ‘trust ladder’ in the second lecture and different games during the overnight camp. All of these may only be just simply asking the participants that whether they want to play, but it was vital as it shows the respect to the participants. These skills were the easiest thing being omitted, but without it, the counseling work may be affected or even have some adverse effects. Although half of the lectures have passed, there is one more High-event Challenge Day and several lectures. I am looking forward to learn more different skills in counseling and leading games. Reference List Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Coleman, J. A. (1977). Differences between experiential and classroom learning. In M. T. Keeton (Ed.), Experiential learning: Rationale characteristics, and assessment, pp. 49-61. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Mllre, J. C. & Priest, S. (1990). Adventure education. State College, DA: Adventure Publishing. Neill, J. (2004). Adventure therapy definitions. Retrieved from http://www.wilderdom.com/adventuretherapy/adventuretherapydefinitions.html Neill, J. (2007). Adventure-based counseling (ABC). Retrieved from http://wilderdom.com/ABC/ Priest, S., & Gass, M. (2005). Effective leadership in adventure programming (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Schoel, J., Prouty & Radeliffe,P. (1988). Islands of healing. A guide to adventure based counseling. U.S.A: Project Adventure. Skinner, B. F. (1968). The technology of teaching. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Slavin, R. E. (1986). Educational psychology: theory into practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.